Методические рекомендации по практической грамматике английского языка для студентов Iкурса неязыковых вузов
| скачать НОУ ВПО ФИЛИАЛ «САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКОГО ИНСТИТУТА ВНЕШНЕЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ СВЯЗЕЙ, ЭКОНОМИКИ И ПРАВА» в г. Кирове N O U N Методические рекомендации по практической грамматике английского языка для студентов I курса неязыковых вузов Киров 2007 Печатается по решению кафедры обще-гуманитарных и естественнонаучных дисциплин НОУ ВПО филиал «Санкт-Петербургского института внешне-экономических связей, экономики и права» в г. Кирове. Составители: ^ ., канд. пед. наук, доцент кафедры английского языка № 2 института (филиала) МГЮА в г. Кирове, Островский И.В., к.ф.н., ст. преподаватель кафедры обще-гуманитарных и естественнонаучных дисциплин НОУ ВПО филиал «Санкт-Петербургского института внешнеэкономических связей, экономики и права» в г. Кирове Рецензент – Щербакова Т.В., канд. филол. наук, доцент кафедры романо-германской филологии Вятского государственного гуманитарного университета Noun: Методические рекомендации по практической грамматике английского языка для студентов I курса неязыковых вузов / Сост. Е.К. Поздеева, И.В.Островский. – Киров, 2007. - 23 с. Данные методические рекомендации предназначены для студентов 1 курса неязыкового вуза. Цель пособия - повторить и систематизировать знания по теме “Существительное”, а также развить навыки употребления данных грамматических форм. Весь материал излагается в 3 разделах, сопровождаемых тестовыми заданиями, цель которых - тренировка изучаемого грамматического явления и контроль сформированности навыков употребления. Лучшему усвоению материала способствуют таблицы, систематизирующие представленный материал I. T H E N U M B E R ЧИСЛО Most of the English nouns have two numbers: the singular and the plural. Большинство английских существительные имеет два числа: единственное и множественное. T H E P L U A R A L ^ 1. Spelling rules. Правописание. Read the following words and remember how the plural is formed. Прочитайте следующие слова и вспомните, как образуется множественное число существительных. a. a girl - girls a friend - friends a flower - flowers b. a bus - buses a bush - bushes a box - boxes a match - matches c. a lady - ladies a pony - ponies a lily - lilies but: a day - days a key - keys a play - plays d. tomato - tomatoes potato - potatoes hero - heroes but: radio – radios Zoo – Zoos tattoo – tattoos but: photo - photos piano - pianos zero - zeros e. life - lives thief - thieves wife - wives but: chief - chiefs belief - beliefs roof - roofs safe - safes ^ Запомните существительные!
^ Одинаковые формы единственного и множественного числа.
But: hundreds of people thousands of quesions millions of stars ^ Латинские и греческие суффиксы.
^ Множественное число у составных существительных. a. In compounds we put the head noun in the plural. В составных существительных в форму множественного числа ставится ключевое слово. a lady-bird - lady-birds a story-teller - story-tellers a house-wife - house-wives a postman - postmen a Frenchwoman - Frenchwomen editor- in-chief - editors-in-chief brother-in-law - brothers-in-law looker-on - lookers-on b. But: if there is no noun-stem, we add ‘-s’ to the end of the word. ^ merry-go-round - merry-go-rounds forget-me-not - forget-me-nots c. If a compound contains such words as ‘man’, ‘woman’ or ‘lord’ at the beginning we must put both stems into plural. ^ . a man-servant - men-servants a woman-doctor - women-doctors a lord-justice - lords-justices ^ Существительные, которые употребляются только во множественном числе.
But: one pototo - одна картофелина one onion - одна луковица one carrot - одна морковка ^ Существительные, которые употребляются только во множественном числе, и их омонимы (слова, сходные по произношению и написанию, но отличные по смыслу).
^ Существительные, которые и в английском, и в русском языке имеют только форму единственного числа.
^ Существительные, которые в английском языке употребляются только в единственном числе, а в русском - только во множественном.
^ Существительные, которые в английском языке употребляются только в единственном числе, а в русском - и в единственном, и во множественном.
^ Существительные, которые в английском языке употребляются и в единственном, и во множественном числе, а в русском - только во множественном.
^ Существительные, имеющие форму единственного числа, но по значению - множественное. police militia people clergy - духовенство Eg.: The police are controlling the order at the meeting. ^ Существительные, форма единственного числа у которых может иметь значение и единственного, и множественного числа. family team gang crew group committee company Eg.: The family is large. (The family is taken as a single unit. Семья рассматривается как единое целое. ) The family are sitting at table. (The members are taken separately. Семья состоит из отдельных членов.) ^ Существительные, имеющие две формы множественного числа. a penny - пенс pence - по отношению к количеству денег (Eg.: two pence) pennies - по отношению к монетам (Eg.: Several pennies fell on the floor.) T E S T S ^ 1. Choose the correct plural form of the following nouns. Выберите правильную форму множественного числа.
^ Выберите соответствующую форму слова. 1. What ___ the news? a) is; b) are 2. The contents ___ been changed. a) has not; b) have not; c) doesn’t have 3. We’d like three ____ pencils. a) dozen; b) dozens; c) dozen of 4. His hair ___ dark. a) is; b) are 5. Money ___ not everything. a) are; b) is 6. These shoes cost three ___ dollars. a) hundreds; b) hundred 7. Mathematics ___ an exact science. a) is; b) are 8. In summer we eat much ___. a) fruit; b) fruits 9. The witness gave enough ____ at the trial. a) evidence; b) evidences 10. We caught a few___ a) fishes; b) fish 11. Schoolchildren have four ____ every year. a) vacation: b) vacations 12. Our team ___ the best. a) is; b) are 13. Our team ___ playing well. a) is; b) are 14. There are ___ people in the street. a) hundred; b) hundreds; c) hundreds of 15. The United States ____ a long history. a) have; b) has 16. Where ____ my glasses? a) are; b) is 17. ____ very useful for your health. a) Carrots are; b) Carrot is 18. _____ very cheap. a) Potatoes are; b) Potato is 19. His _____ high. a) wages are; b) wage is 20. The gate ___ open. a) is; b) are 21. He gave me some useful ___. a) advice; b) advices. 22. There ____ a lot of chalk on the table. a) is; b) are 23. The ___ of this country ____ happy. a) people ... is; b) people ... are; c) peoples ... are 24. The storm brought a lot of ____. a) damages; b) damage 25. The trousers ___ new. a) is; b) are 26. I feel that the jury ___ thought that you are innocent. a) have; b) has 27. The government _____able to pursue the policy which had been promised before the elections. a) was not; b) were not 28. The police ___ investigating the case now. a) is; b) are 29. The crew of the plane ____ of four people. a) consist; b) consists 30. The government usually ____ of the prime minister and several ministers. a) consist; b) consists 31. The average American family ___ three children. a) has; b) have 32. The family ____ gone to bed. a) has; b) have 33. Her clothes ___ fashionable. a) is; b) are 34. That species of spiders ___ commonly seen in North America. a) is; b) are 35. I think her hair ____ dyed. a) is; b) are 36. The phenomena ___ unusual. a) is; b) are 37. The traffic ___ very heavy in this street. a) is; b) are 38. When the traffic-lights ___ red, don’t cross the street. a) is; b) are 39. The grapes ___ ripe. a) is; b) are 40. Athletics ___ an important part of the Olympic games. a) is; b) are II. T H E C A S E ПАДЕЖ English nouns denoting human beings have two cases: the common case and the Genitive case. Английские одушевленные существительные имеют два падежа: общий и притяжательный. T H E G E N E T I V E ^ 1. Read the following examples and remember how the Genitive is formed. Прочитайте следующие примеры и вспомните, как образуется притяжательный падеж. a. a boy’s tie Mary’s book hotel-keeper’s armchair house-wife’s coat b. an actress’s career a waitress’ job c. children’s toys men’s hats sheep’s wool d. girls’ dresses students’ parties but: mothers-in-law’s words editors-in-chief’s studies e. Charles’s jeans Doris’s car St. James’s Park but: the Browns’ house f. John and Jack’s room ^ Чтобы показать принадлежность неодушевленному предмету, используется предлог ‘of’. the leg of the table the top of the box ^ Устойчивые выражения. the earth’s surface - поверхность земли journey’s end -окончание путешествия for Heaven’s sake / for God’s sake - ради бога at one’s wit’s end - в тупике at a stone’s throw - рукой подать a hair’s breadth - на волоске ^ Фразы, обозначающие период времени. an hour’s journey two hours’ journey a day’s work two days’ work a month’s salary two months’ salary 5. With nouns expressing space and weight, with the names of countries, cities, ships and with the nouns ‘world, country, city, ship’. С существительными, обозначающими пространство и время, с названиями стран, городов, кораблей, а также с существительными ‘world, country, city, ship’. the river’s mouth Moscow’s museums world’s theatres our country’s industry the ship’s crew ^ С названиями организаций. the government decision the company’s success T E S T S ON CASE 1. Choose the correct word-combination. Выберите правильное словосочетание.
^ Выберите правильный вариант. 1. The only thing she wanted was to see ____. a) her parents’ house; b) her parents’s house; c) the house of her parents 2. No one could explain _____ at ______. a) the girl behaviour; b) the girl’s behaviour; c) the behaviour of the girl a) yesterday’s supper; b) yesterday’ supper; c) yesterday supper 3. ____ was disappointing. Our team lost. a) Last Sundays’ match; b) Last Sunday match; c) Last Sunday’s match 4. The boy was looking through the ____. a) children’s books; b) children books; c) books of children 5. After ____ we resumed our work. a) an hour’s break; b) an hour break; c) an hour’ break 6. At that time he lives in _____. a) his father-in-law’s flat; b) his father’s-in-law flat; c) his father-in-law’ flat 7. I don’t like ____. a) cows’ milk; b) cows milk; c) the milk of the cows 8. He was puzzled by ____. a) Ann and Peter’s visit; b) Ann’s and Peter’s visit 9. When Friday came he was ____. a) at his wit’s ends; b) at his wit ends; c) at his wit’ end 10. This is _____. a) John’s coat; b) the coat of John; c) John coat T E S TS ^ I. 1. His advice ___ always reasonable. I advise you to follow ____. a) are, them c) is, it b) are, it d) is, them 2. The applause _____ deafening. I can’t stand ___ any longer. Let’s go out. a) are, them c) is, them b) is, it d) are, it 3. The second witness’s evidence _____ more convincing. ____ made me believe that the suspect is innocent. a) are, it c) are, they b) is, it d) is, they 4. Look, her clothes ___ brand new. Where did she get the money to buy ____? a) is, it c) are, them b) are, it d) is, them 5. The Browns who lived in _____ house ____ having dinner with the Harrisons who ____ their best friends. a) a three-storey, were, were b) three storeys, were, were c) a three storey’s, were, were d) three storeys’, was, were 6. The information he gave us ____ convincing. I don’t think we should check ____. a) is, it c) are, them b) is, them d) are, it 7. Her pyjamas ___ made of silk. I like _____ very much. a) is, it c) are, it b) is, them d) are, them 8. These scissors _____ dull! I can’t cut anything with ____. a) are, them c) is it b) is, them d) are, it 9. When I move to London, I’ll have to find lodgings. I’m afraid ____ will be very expensive and I’ll have to pay for ____ half of my salary. a) it, it c) they, it b) they, them d) it, them 10. I think billiards _____ a dull game. I wonder why the youth nowadays ___ so fond of ____? a) are, is, it c) are, are, them b) is, are, it d) is, are, them 11. He is so depressed. The contents of the letter _____ made public. General public _____ discussing _____. a) have been, is, them c) have been, are, them b) has been, are, it d) has been, it, is 12. Look! Goods _____ displayed in the window. The manager says that there will be ____ sale. a) are, two days’ c) are, a two-days b) is, two-day’s d) is, a two-day 13. Our family _____ good at playing draughts. Draughts ____ our favourite game. We play ____ every weekend. a) is, is, it c) are, are, them b) are, is, it d) is, are, it 14. Stop! The traffic ____ heavy and the traffic lights ____ red. In ___ time you will cross the street. a) is, is, two-minutes c) are, are, a two-minutes’ b) are, are, a two-minute d) is, are, two-minutes’ 15. He spent ____ holiday at the ____. a) a week, Richardsons’ c) a weeks, Richardsons b) week’s, Richardson d) week, Richardson’s 16. She was going for ___ walk across the field to the ___ house. She was sure that he would help her because it was the duty of ___ to help poor people like her. a) a ten-miles, governor’s-general, governor-generals b) a ten-mile’s, governor-general’s, governors-general c) a ten-mile, governor-general’s, governor-generals d) ten-miles’, governor-generals’, governors-general. 17. She wished she had a little garden with ___ and ____, like that of ___. a) lilies-of-the-valleys, forgets-me-nots, Mrs. Sand b) lily-of the-valleys, forget-me-nots, Mrs. Sand’s c) lilies-of-the-valley, forget-me-nots, Mrs. Sand’s d) lilies-of-the-valleys, forgets-me-not, Mrs. Sand 18. Take your _____ and get out with ____! You got my ____ notice, didn’t you? a) belonging, it, two weeks b) belongings, it, a two weeks c) belongings, them, two weeks’ d) belonging, them, two week’s 19. We want to equip our factory with___ and to install ___ in the assembly shop. a) new machineries, them b) a new machinery, it c) new machineries, it d) new machinery, it 20. Have you got all the ___ of Byron in your home library? - Yes, I have, but I haven’t read all of ___. a) works, them c) works, it b) work, it d) work, them II. 1. When he was going through a narrow passage between two ___ , he heard ___. These were his neighbours, two ___ girls. a) merrys-go-round, laugh, twenty-years old b) merry-go-rounds, a laugh, twenty-year old c) merry-goes-round, laughter, twenty-years old d) merry-goes-round, a laughter, twenty-year-old 2. He pulled off his gloves and put ___ on the dressing-table. She noticed that ____ new. So was his hat. a) it, it was b) it, they were c) them, it was, d) them, they were 3. He conducted a lot of ___ , but ___ a failure. a) researches, they were b) research, it was c) researches, it was d) research, they were 4. The money ___ been spent on the construction of the Children’s Care Centre. Road works ___ being held there to build a new ___ crossing. a) has, are, pedestrian’s b) has, are, pedestrian c) has, is, pedestrians d) has, is, pedestrians’ 5. The criteria ___ too vague. If there were a sharper ___ to make our choice, I would be happy. a) is, criterion c) is, criteria b) are, criterion d) are, criteria 6. Here ___ the pocket money my uncle has sent me today. ___ will be enough to settle all my debts. a) are, it c) is, it b) is, they d) are, they 7. The latest news from the Middle East countries ____ disturbing. A close-up camera showed a man running somewhere. His face was bruised and his clothes ___ torn. a) was, was c) was, were b) were, were d) were, was 8. The premises ___ big enough but the inspection took them a lot of ___, and they had to drive home at ___. a) was, time, dusks b) were, times, a dusk c) was, times, dusk d) were, time, dusk 9. The price for ____ has increased by ten ___ in the last quarter. Lodgings ___ very expensive nowadays. a) an accomodation, per cent, is b) accomodation, per cent, are c) accommodations, per cents, is d) accomodation, per cents, are 10. This ___ the most effective means of production and ___ can be adjusted to your business in ___ time. a) is, it, two month’s b) are, they, a two-months c) is, they, two-month d) is, it, two months’ 11. Reliable ___ about everyday clothing from the past ___ hard to obtain. a) evidences, are c) evidences, is b) evidence, is d) evidence, are 12. ___ depths are usually much greater than ____ depths because of ___ low density. a) snow, rain, snow b) snow’s, rain’s, snow’s c) snow, rain, snow’s d) snow’s, rain’s, snow 13. The ___ was shaky and he decided to go to the second-hand ___ store. a) leg’s table, furniture’s b) leg of the table, furniture c) table leg, furniture’s d) leg’s table, furniture 14. One hundred pounds ___ a large sum for her and she decided to put her money on her ___ account. a) was, savings c) were, savings b) was, saving’s d) were, saving’s 15. This is ___ cloakroom, and that one is for ___. a) ladies’, gentlemen’s b) lady’s, gentlemen’s c) ladies’, gentlemen d) lady, gentlemen 16. The ___ history goes back to 1808. a) state’s newspaper’s b) state’s newspaper b) state newspaper’s c) state newspapers’ 17. At its height in the early 1900s, the British Empire included over 20 ___ of the ___ land area and more than 400 ___ people. a) percents, world, million b) percent, world’s, millions c) percent, world’s, million c) percents, world’s, million 18. The official ___ is a table containing the holy days, ___, and festivals of the church. a) Christian Church calendar, saints’ days b) Christian’s Church calendar, saints days c) Christian Church’s calendar, saints’ days d) Christian’s Church’s calendar, saints’ days 19. The ____ at the ___ talks made a deep influence on everybody. a) Minister of Foreign Trade’s speech, peace’s b) Minister’s of Foreign Trade’ speech, peace c) Minister of Foreign Trade’s speech, peaceful d) Minister of Foreign Trade’s speech, peace 20. The producer presented his new ___ film. The show took ___ time. a) two-series, three hour’s b) two-seria, three hours c) two-series, three hours’ d) two-series’, three hour’s
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